Hardcover. Taschen, 1st, 2008, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 352 pages. Paying homage to the American periodicals of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s that documented outrageous exploits, this hefty, comprehensive guide is packed full of colorful cover art, sumptuous sample spreads, and enlightening essays.

Hardcover. London, Gingko Press, 1st, 2010, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, pictorial boards, 256 pages. Modart editors showcase some of the actions and events from the first decade of the new millennium. It features now iconic images, passionate writing and a veritable fount of great new art from around the world.

Hardcover. New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1st, 2020, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, Original black lettered cloth quarter laid on pictorial boards, 184 pages. A fascinating exploration of how photography, graphic design, and popular magazines converged to transform American visual culture at mid-century. This dynamic study examines the intersection of modernist photography and American commercial graphic design between 1930 and 1960. Avant-garde strategies in photography and design reached the United States via European emigres, including Bauhaus artists forced out of Nazi Germany. The unmistakable aesthetic made popular by such magazines as Harper's Bazaar and Vogue--whose art directors, Alexey Brodovitch and Alexander Liberman, were both immigrants and accomplished photographers--emerged from a distinctly American combination of innovation, inclusiveness, and pragmatism. Beautifully illustrated with more than 150 revolutionary photographs, layouts, and cover designs, Modern Look considers the connections and mutual influences of such designers and photographers as Richard Avedon, Lillian Bassman, Herbert Bayer, Robert Frank, Lisette Model, Gordon Parks, Irving Penn, Cipe Pineles, and Paul Rand. Essays draw a lineage from European experimental design to innovative work in American magazine design at mid-century and offer insights into the role of gender in fashion photography and political activism in the mass media.

Hardcover. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1st, 2003, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 102 pages. Dust jacket price-clipped. "The New Yorker" takes a second look at our most loved childhood stories and rhymes. Edited by Bobby Goldstein. Nice copy.

Hardcover. New York, Atria, 1st, 2000, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 112 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket. Clean, unmarked copy with only minor wear to dust jacket. Here is a cornucopia of 104 dead-on drawings and eye-opening ruminations on all things bookish, writerly, and readerly, courtesy of The New Yorker's renowned stable of cartoonists, including Charles Barsotti, Roz Chast, Ed Koren, J.B. Handelsman, Jack Ziegler, and Victoria Roberts.

Softcover. Newport RI, The American Civilization Foundation, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 350 pages, color plates throughout. A collection of paintings from The National Museum of American Illustration featuring prominent artists of the the period. Many worked for the Saturday Evening Post: Stevan Dohanos, John Clymer, John Falter, George Hughes, Mead Schaeffer and others. Samples of their original paintings and a short profile on each. Like new.

Minneasota MN, Pillsbury Washburn Flour Mills, 1907, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The best food makes the best home", 3-color illustration, not credited. 11 1/2 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Minneasota MN, Washburn-Crosby Co., 1908, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "To you - who bake", photographic art. Two housewives (twins?) holding sack of flour.11 1/2 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Minneapolis MN, Washburn-Crosby Co., 1909, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Start housekeeping right...", seated housewife by a bag of flour. 11 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Battle Creek MI, W.K. Kellogg Co., 1912, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Nothing to do till tomorrow", art not credited. 10 X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Cleveland OH, Rauch & Lang Carriage Co., 1913, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The car that sets the fashion", color illustration, not credited. 9" X 10 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Battle Creek MI, W.K. Kellogg Co., 1915, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "There is a youngster in almost every home...". color art by J.C. Leyendecker. 11 1/2 X 14", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, Saxon Motor Co., 1915, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The answer to a nation-wide question...", two-color design. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Chicago, Channell Chemical Co., 1917, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Furniture and woodwork to look its best...", color art of maid polishing tabletop, not credited. 9" X 12", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Toledo OH, Willys-Overland , 1917, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Luxury keeps pace with the seasons...", color art not credited. 9" X 12", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Canajoharie NY, Beech-Nut Brand, 1918, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The rational meal-time drink for all ages"..., color art not credited. 12 X 15", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Cincinnati OH, Proctor & Gamble, 1919, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Such good strawberry shortcake..." , color art of three ladies eating. Art credit difficult to read but probably John Newton Hewitt. 12 X 15", very good.

Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Even youngsters recognize the difference", color art of mother handing out sandwiches to kids in snow. Not credited. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Minneapolis MN, Washburn Crosby Co., Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Ask for it by name", food art not credited. 11X 14", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Wesson Oil Co., nd, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "A boiled salad dressing", color art by Rene Clarke. No date but assumed mid 1920s. 11 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Chicago, The Western Co., 1923, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Each soft caress adds loveliness", color art by Coles Phillips. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Philadelphia, Margerison & Co., 1923, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The brown linen Martex towel...", color photographic art. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

St. Louis MO, Helvetica Co., 1923, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Safe, wholesome food for your baby", color art by Andrew Loomis. 11 1/2 X 13 1/2 ", very good. Ladie's Home Journal May 1923.

La Salle IL, Western Clock Co., 1923, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Put them on your Christmas list", color photo illustrations. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Buffalo NY, Wire Wheel Corp., 1924, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "On the finest cars at the shows", two-color illustration, not credited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

New York, American Cranberry Exchange, 1924, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Here's a tasty combination...", art by H. Hymer. 11 X 13 1/2"PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Swift & Co., 1924, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "In early fall it seems appetites...", color art by "S", otherwise uncredited. 10 X 13", very good. McCall's, Oct. 1924. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Boston, Armory Browne & Co., 1925, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The old darning basket loses its job", color illustration not credited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, Ford Motor Co., 1925, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The trail in the wilderness...", color art signed but unreadable. (Seaton?), 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Pittsburgh, PA, H.J. Heinz Co., 1926, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "How Heinz protects the housewife...", color art of buyer examining spices by Rene Clarke. 11 X 13", very good. McCalls, March 1926. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Pittsburgh PA, H.J. Heinz Co., 1926, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "What's back of Heinz Ketchup?...", art by Rene Clarke. 11 X 13", very good. Woman's Home Companion, May 1926. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

New Orleans LA, Wesson Oil Co., 1926, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Pie crust made with Snowdrift is good...", color art by Rene Clarke. 11 1/2 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit, General Motors, 1927, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The advantages it offers...", color art not clear, but possibly McClelland Barclay. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, General Motors, 1930, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "All eyes are focusing on the great new Cadillac...", color art not credited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, General Motors, 1927, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "True distinction", color art not credited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Pittsburgh PA, H.J.Heinz Co., 1927, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "That's real pie"..., color art by Rene Clarke. 11 X 13", very good. McCalls, Dec. 1927. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, Ford Motor Co., 1927, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "In its consistent development...", color art uncredited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Dayton OH, General Tire and Rubber, 1928, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Many a shortcoming can hide...", two-color art by Walter Klett. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

St. Louis MO, Pet Milk Co., 1928, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Perfect combinations", color art by M.C. Kaiser, 10 1/2 X 13 1/2". very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

New Orleans LA, Wesson Oil, 1928, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "There couldn't be anything nicer"..., color art by Rene Clarke. 10 1/2 X 13", very good. McCall's March 1928. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Swift and Co., 1928, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "To surprise her family...", art not credited but signed "S". 11 1/2 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, Ford Motor Co., 1929, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Winter days are happy days...", color art by James Williamson. 9" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Cincinnati OH, Proctor & Gamble, 1929, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Now John goes to parties...", color illustration by Haddon Sundblom. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

New Orleans LA, Wesson Oil, 1929, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Snowdrift frying is quick frying-", art by Rene Clarke. 11 X 13 1/2", very good. Woman's Home Companion Sept. 1929. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit, General Motors, 1930, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "It is really hopeless to try...", color art-deco illustration by Leonard.. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, General Motors, 1930, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Because it satisfies a desire...", color art not credited. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

1930s, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "The girl I love-", photo-strip story. 10 X 13", very good.PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Syracuse NY, Nettleton Co., Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "They never tread the beaten path". Art by Leslie Saalburg. 11 X 13 1/2", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Detroit MI, General Motors, 1931, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "A happy choice as a family car...", color art unsigned but probably Ronald McLeod. 10" X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Battle Creek MI, General Foods, 1931, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Art "Champion Jelly Maker Defeated", photographic art. 10 1/2 X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.