Hardcover. New York, Macmillan Co., 1st, 1932, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, 311 pages, 2 b&w fold-out maps in rear. Maroon cloth covers w/ gilt lettering. Spine faded. Previous owner's signature on front fly leaf. Else a very clean, tight copy.

Hardcover. Boston, David Godine, 1st, 1992, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 132 pages, 110 ill. (109 color, including covers). Photographs taken on Guggenheim Foundation and Asian Cultural Council Fellowship in 1983 and 1984 in Japan, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, the Philippines, China, Burma, South Borneo, and Vietnam. Like new in publisher's shrink-wrap.

Hardcover. Watkins, reprint, 2011, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 272 pages. Marco Polo (c.1254-1324) was a Christian merchant from the Venetian Republic who learned about trading while his father and uncle were absent on an extended journey through Asia, which culminated in a visit with the great khan Kublai. In 1269 the brothers returned to Venice and met Marco for the first time. The three of them then embarked on a new journey to Asia and the court of the khan, returning after more than two decades to find Venice at war. Marco was imprisoned in Genoa, whereupon he dictated his romantic-sounding stories to a cellmate. The popularity of his account is a rare example of a success in publishing before the age of printing. Introduction by John Masefield.

Hardcover. Sydney AU, T&G PUBLISHING, 1st, 2011, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Like new in publishers shrink-wrap. Hardcover, 296 pages. This is Pam's 'visual anthropology' of his engagement with various Asian cultures, where he was photographing his life and experiences.

Hardcover. Sydney AU, T&G PUBLISHING, 1st, 2011, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Like new in publishers shrink-wrap. Hardcover, 296 pages. This is Pam's 'visual anthropology' of his engagement with various Asian cultures, where he was photographing his life and experiences.

Softcover. Berkeley CA, University of California Press, reprint, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 372 pages. Lady Hyegyong's memoirs, which recount the chilling murder of her husband by his father, is one of the best known and most popular classics of Korean literature. From 1795 until 1805 Lady Hyegyong composed this masterpiece, which depicts a court life whose drama and pathos is of Shakespearean proportions. Presented in its social, cultural, and historical contexts, this complete English translation opens a door into a world teeming with conflicting passions, political intrigue, and the daily pre-occupations of a deeply intelligent and articulate woman. JaHyun Kim Haboush's accurate, fluid translation captures the intimate and expressive voice of this consummate storyteller. The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyong is a unique exploration of Korean selfhood and of how the genre of autobiography fared in pre-modern times. Clean copy.

Hardcover. Atlanta, Nexus Press, 1st, 1995, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, 118 pages. Glossy color illustrated boards, color illustrated end-papers, color and black-and-white illustrations from photographs throughout, accompanying 16 page facsimile journal laid in (no publishing info) with reproductions of polaroids of Burke's. 'Mine Fields' (a sequel to Bill Burke's justly famous I Want To Take Picture), is Burke's scrapbook of his life and his pursuit of the history and daily life of Cambodia. Part adventure story, part personal confession, part travelogue, and always fascinating, Burke's negotiation of the mine fields of divorce and war is a compelling collage of photographs, found objects, stories, and the contrast between glorious ancient temples and the horrors of war and genocide.

Hardcover. Bali Indonesia, Koes Artbooks, 1st, 2006, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 336 pages illustrated in color throughout. Comprehensive guide to Indonesian artists and their works, from the mid-19th century to the present day. The accompanying texts combine essential biographical data of the artists with selective descriptions of their work. Entries for the 305 artists are arranged in chronological order by birth date, showing a mix of various art movements, styles, periods and techniques. Each entry is accompanied by a single image. Clean copy. NOTE: DUE TO SIZE AND WEIGHT, DOMESTIC SHIPPING ONLY.

Hardcover. New York, Viking Studio, 1st US, 2007, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 483 pages. Hardcover. Illustrated with full color photographs. Light wear. Clean, unmarked pages.

Hardcover. NY, Macmillan, 1st, 1945, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, light tan cloth covers with light wear, 436 pages. The author spent 25 years in China as a journalist. Powell's book covers the period between (1917-1945) and discusses the personalities of the day: Chiang Kai Shek, Yuan Shi Kai and Chang Husiliang as well the intrigues of the Soviets and the Japanese. Note: Powell lost both his feet to the Japanese at his stay at the Bridge House. No markings.

Hardcover. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1st, 2017, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, illustrated boards, 288 pages illustrated in color. INSCRIBED BY CHANG opposite title page. Award-winning and beloved chef Joanne Chang of Boston's Flour bakery may be best known for her sticky buns, but that's far from the limit of her talents. When Chang married acclaimed restaurateur Christopher Myers, she would make him Taiwanese food for dinner at home every night. The couple soon realised no one was serving food like this in Boston, in a cool but comfortable restaurant environment. Myers Chang was born and has turned into one of Boston's most popular restaurants. These recipes, all bursting with flavor, are meant to be shared, and anyone can make them at home - try Dan Dan Noodle Salad, Triple Pork Mushu Stir-fry, or Grilled Corn with Spicy Sriracha Butter.

Hardcover. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1st, 1991, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 388 pages, hardcover. B&w plates. INSCRIBED BY ECKERT. Light foxing to edge and light wear to bottom edges of cover. According to conventional interpretations, the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910 destroyed a budding native capitalist economy on the peninsula and blocked the development of a Korean capitalist class until 1945. In this expansive and provocative study, now available in paperback, Carter J. Eckert challenges the standard view and argues that Japanese imperialism, while politically oppressive, was also the catalyst and cradle of modern Korean industrial development. Ancient ties to China were replaced by new ones to Japan - ties that have continued to shape the South Korean political economy down to the present day.Eckert explores a wide range of themes, including the roots of capitalist development in Korea, the origins of the modern business elite, the nature of Japanese colonial policy and the Japanese colonial state, the relationship between the colonial government and the Korean economic elite, and the nature of Korean collaboration. He conveys a clear sense of the human complexity, archival richness, and intellectual challenge of the historical period. His documentation is thorough; his arguments are compelling and often strikingly innovative.

Hardcover. London, Cornmarket Press Ltd., reprint, 1969, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 205 pages + advertisement. Reprint of 1911 edition. Part of series of 50 books reprinted in facsimile from originals in the National Maritime Museum Library. B/W illustrations. Fold-out map at end of book. Dust jacket faded and lightly soiled otherwise clean.

Hardcover. NY, Bloomsbury USA, 1st, 2013, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright, unclipped dust jacket, 509 pages. The relationship between man and horse on the Eurasian steppe gave rise to a succession of rich nomadic cultures. Among them were the Mongols of the thirteenth century - a small tribe, which, under the charismatic leadership of Genghis Khan, created the largest contiguous land empire in history. Inspired by the extraordinary life nomads lead, Tim Cope embarked on a journey that hadn't been successfully completed since those times: to travel on horseback across the entire length of the Eurasian steppe, from Karakorum, the ancient capital of Mongolia, through Kazakhstan, Russia, Crimea and the Ukraine to the Danube River in Hungary. From horse-riding novice to spending months in the saddle, he learnt to fend off wolves and would-be horse-thieves, and grapple with the haunting extremes of the steppe as he crossed sub-zero plateaux, the scorching deserts of Kazakhstan and the high-mountain passes of the Carpathians. As he travelled he formed a close bond with his horses and especially his dog Tigon, and encountered essential hospitality - the linchpin of human survival on the steppe - from those he met along the way. Cope bears witness to how the traditional ways hang in the balance in the post-Soviet world - an era that has brought new-found freedom, but also the perils of corruption and alcoholism, and left a world bereft of both the Communist system upon which it once relied, and the traditional knowledge of the nomadic forefathers.

Hardcover. Tokyo, Hokuseido Press, Reprint, 1968, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 382 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket & slipcase. Mustard cloth boards with black printed titles to spine. Full page, full color illustrations protected with tissue guards throughout. Frontis illustration, Man Playing the Samisen, in full color & protected with a tissue guard. Chronological chart of Japanese Humor tipped-in. Dust jacket with light wear to edges, lightly price-clipped to corners. Plain slipcase with creases, light wear to edges. Clean, unmarked copy.

Softcover. New York, powerHouse, 1st, August 2003, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 191 pages, color photographs throughout. A very clean, tight copy. For adults only. Every day, thousands of young Asian women go to work in the sex industry, a marketplace in which any desire can be satisfied for a price--despite the fact that many Asian countries are repressive to the point of banning certain standard sexual practices. For six years, Asian-American photographer Reagan Louie journeyed through this sexual underworld, visiting nearly a dozen countries including Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, and Japan, among others, photographing the day-to-day lives of women who, either by choice or by necessity, exchange their bodies for money. 

Softcover. Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1st, 1999, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 271 pages. Confronting the cultural stereotypes that have been attached to Asian-Americans over the last 150 years, this title seizes the label Oriental and asks where it came from. It shows how the bewildering array of racialized images first proffered by music hall songsters and social commentators have evolved and become generalized to Asian-Americans. Clean copy.

Hardcover. London, Westzone, 1st, 2001, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, b&w and color photographs throughout, minor dust jacket edge wear, otherwise, very clean and tight. Bangkok's red light district - it's about addiction; a crazy hedonistic lifestyle that is also a refuge. For everyone caught up in the nightlife, bar girls, transexuals, transients, tourists there is an emotional addiction: and endless cycle of happy illusion, ecstacy, intensity, doubt and despair all captured by photographer Nick Nostitz.

Hardcover. NY, Century Co., 1st, 1919, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, yellow cloth stamped with black design, 240 pages illustrated with b&w photos. A book that covers many aspects of life in China through the eyes of an extraordinary woman: "Ellen Newbold La Motte (1873 - 1961) was an American nurse, journalist and author. After WW1, LaMotte travelled to Asia, where she witnessed the horrors of opium addiction. These travels provided her with material for six books, three of them explicitly dealing with the opium problem, this being the first. Covers show shelf wear, soil.

Hardcover. London, Jonathan Cape, 1st, 1958, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover, 384 pages, b&w illustrations including map. Clean, tight copy in a worn dust jacket. The story of Russian and British agents and the so-called Great Game between the two nations in Turkestan. "Maclean tells the dramatic stories of some of these agents and of some other travellers, official and unofficial, military and civilian, who in the course of a hundred years, on one errand or another, penetrated the Khanates of Central Asia".

Hardcover. Marburg, H.F. Ullmann, reprint, 2012, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 351 pages with color plate throughout. Presents a guide to 409 acupuncture points, showing needle placement and describing the names, properties, and applications of each one. Clean copy.

Softcover. Australia, National Gallery of Australia, 1st, 2008, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 88 pages. Extensive b&w photography throughout. Includes extensive notes and documentation accompanying photographs. Clean, unmarked copy with only minor wear to wrappers.

Softcover. Australia, National Gallery of Australia, 1st, 2008, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 88 pages. Softcover with light edgewear to wrappers. Picture Paradise chronicles the transmission and adoption of new developments in photography from Europe to the Asia-Pacific region. It is the first survey of the early photography from this diverse region covering India and Sri Lanka, Southeast and East Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, to the West Coast of North America. It includes pioneer local photographers as well as European photographers working in the region and reveals the rich heritage and the many outstanding achievements of the first century of photography in the Asia-Pacific region.

Hardcover. London, Arcperiplus Publishing, 1st UK, 2002, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. Two major events in the Buddhist world occurred in 2002. In January, the small village of Bodhgaya in Bihar, India, was chosen by the Dalai Lama as the site for the highly important Kalachakra Initiation ceremony. Some half-million pilgrims made their way there by any means possible. In May, at the holy Mount Kailash in Tibet, the celebration of the Buddha's birth and death was particularly auspicious in this Year of the Horse, and the usual trickle of pilgrims swelled to tens of thousands. Photographer Lena Herzog, wife of film director Werner Herzog, presents this evocative album of 146 color images of the holy and the penitent.

Hardcover. Cambridge , Oelgeschlager Gunn & Hain , 1st, 1981, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, dark brown cloth with gilt lettering on spine, 362 pages. An extremely informative and useful study of Thai politics . especially valuable for its description and analysis but also for hard-to-find data on leaders and organizations, which will be of lasting value to scholars and journalists who follow events and history of Thailand. Clean copy.

Hardcover. NY, Oxford University Press, 1st thus, 1998, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. Color illustrations by Richard C. Jones. Introduction by Jan Morris. Afterword By Samuel J. Rogal.

Hardcover. NY, Asia Society, 1st, 1975, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover, 121 pages, illustrated in b&w, some color. Dust with light edgewear, minor fade to spine. Previous owner's embossed stamp on front fly leaf. Errata pamphlet laid in.

Hardcover. NY, Harper & Brothers, 1st, 1957, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 205 pages. Hardcover. Color and b/w illustrations throughout. Decorated endpapers. Some tanning from age to edges, otherwise pages clean. Cover boards bound in blue, marbled cloth, red quarter cloth (some fading at spine, fraying at top and bottom). Binding tight, spine straight. In great shape for its age. Clarke explores a reef and the people of southern Sri Lanka. No dust jacket.

Hardcover. London, George Routledge & Sons, 1st, 1933, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, brick-red cloth, gilt lettering on spine. 382 pages, 24 b&w plates, fold-out map in rear, short tear at crease. Clean copy.

Hardcover. New York, Dryden Press, 1st, 1945, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: Good, 114 pages. Hardcover. Illustrated with 66 black & white photographs. Previous owner has carefully glued-in additional black & white photographic images of related Chinese bronzes to preliminary pages front and rear, and to a few random pages. Dust jacket with chipping along edges - jacket now protected with clear plastic cover.

Hardcover. NY, Henry Holt and Company, 1st, 1899, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, 411 pages. Hardcover. Previous owners name on inside front cover. Green cloth with gilt title and decoration. Front and rear hinges cracked. Missing front endpaper. Heavy foxing to preliminary pages up to contents page, and last 5 pages at end of book; including map. Front fold-out map at title page and rear most map both badly damaged. Foxing to edges. Moderate wear to covers. Clean, unmarked text.

Softcover. Katonah NY, The Katonah Gallery, 1st, 1979, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 48 pages, staplebound quarto paperback, exhibition catalog. Color cover, b&w illustrations throughout.

Hardcover. NY, PowerHouse, 1st, 2004, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Women's liberation in Shanghai, China as captured through the lens of Bettina Rheims, with beautiful full-page photographs throughout. Textual insight (in English) by Serge Bramly. 11-1/4 x 13"; 252 pages. Rheims beautifully stages photographs of real women from all walks of life.

Saint Paul MN, West Publishing Group, 1st, 1979, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, red cloth pictorial covers, faded spine. The life histories of 6 Korean shaman women who share in common the social ascription of outcast status. Previous owner's name on inside front cover, otherwise clean.

Softcover. Tokyo, Bijutsu Shuppan-Sha, 1st, 1989, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 111 pages. Japanese photographer on the road from Xi'an to Kashi and back again. Color throughout.

Hardcover. Bloomington IN, Indiana University Press, 1st, 1987, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, green cloth stamped with gilt lettering and design. artfully explains the initial spirit and modern understanding of Tamil bhakti poetry. His fluent translations make the poems -- songs of the experience of God -- live for us as they did for their first audience nearly fifteen centuries ago. Clean, bright copy.

Softcover. Hong Kong, Christie's Inc., 1st, 2003, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 204 pages, photographs throughout with English and Chinese text. Very slight corner and edge wear, otherwise, very clean and tight copy.

Softcover. New York, Aperture, 1st, 2001, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover. In original shrink wrap, spotless and tight. Poet, scholar, philosopher, and master of Vajrayana (Tibetan) Buddhism, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche led a life of profound dedication to spiritual enlightenment and teaching. During the final fourteen years of his life his personal assistant was Matthieu Ricard. Together they traveled throughout Tibet, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, returning to the places of Khyentse Rinpoche's youth: his birthplace in Eastern Tibet; the monastery of Shechen which he had entered at the age of eleven; and the retreats where he spent years in meditation and study. At every stop on his journey, Khyentse Rinpoche was welcomed with elaborate ceremonies and outpourings of devotion. Ricard's deeply personal photographs of this journey are enhanced by a biographical narrative that is interspersed with extensive passages from the writings and teachings of Khyentse Rinpoche. Together, these images and texts form an inspiring portrait of one of the great spiritual leaders and teachers of our time. Many masters of Tibetan Buddhism studied with Khyentse Rinpoche, including His Holiness the Dalai Lama, who regarded him as his principal instructor in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.

Hardcover. Harrisburg, Stackpole Company, 1st, 1961, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, 322 pages. Hardcover. Features 16 pages of black & white photographs. Notations in red pencil on 2 maps - pages 92 and 97. Light wear to yellow cloth covers. No dust jacket.

Hardcover. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2nd pr., 1967, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn dust jacket, 193 pages, b&w illustrations. Two color maps in rear pocket in excellent condition. The relationship between people and terrain in a small densely settled area in the New Guinea Highlands. Clean copy.

Hardcover. NY, John Day Co., 1st, 1946, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a worn, chipped dust jacket. A biography of Sun Yat-Sen, founder of the short-lived Chinese Republic. Dust jacket spine faded, bookplate inside front cover.

Hardcover. London, Transaction Publishers, 2nd Ed., 2014, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. The late twentieth century witnessed rapid changes not only in Taiwan's economy, but also in its identity. Both economic as well as ideological restructuring have been basic elements in the transformation of postwar Taiwan, as rapid democratization opened a Pandora's Box, and stirred a whirlwind of social discord. This volume considers such important questions as whether the old Taiwanese work ethic is a relic of the past, and whether Taiwan is likely to become a battleground of ideological wars.The book addresses Taiwanese nostalgia for Chinese culture; the rise and fall of postwar Taiwanese agrarian culture; the transformation of farmers' social consciousness in the period 1950-1970; the place of Confucianism in postwar Taiwan; and the awakening of the "self" and the development of a Taiwanese national identity in the post-World War II period. Finally, it considers whether "mutual historical understanding" may be the basis for Taiwan-Mainland relations in the twenty-first century. This second edition includes a new chapter on the history of Taiwan after World War II, incorporating additional developments in Taiwan in the past decade.

Softcover. Boston, MFA Publications, 1st, 2000, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 269 pages. Color and b&w reproductions of paintings throughout. A work issued in conjunction with an exhibition held in 1997, providing a survey of the extensive collection of paintings from China, including critical commentary on the work throughout, examining the cultural importance of the pieces discussed. 9 3/4" to 12" tall; interior is clean and unmarked.

Softcover. Canberra, ANU Press/Australian National University, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 334 pages. Sorcery and witchcraft practices and beliefs are pervasive across Melanesia. They are in part created by, and give rise to, a wide variety of poor social and developmental outcomes. These include uneven economic development, low public health, lack of social cohesion, crime, fear and insecurity. A further very visible problem is the attacks on men and women who are accused of being practitioners of witchcraft or sorcery, which can lead to serious bodily harm, banishment and sometimes death. Today, many communities, individuals, church organisations and policymakers in Melanesia and internationally are exploring ways to overcome the negative social outcomes associated with witchcraft and sorcery practices and beliefs. This book brings together a collection of chapters written by a diverse range of authors, both Melanesian and non-Melanesian, providing crucial insights both into how these practices and beliefs are playing out in contemporary Melanesia, and also the types of interventions that are being trialled or debated to address the problems associated with them. Some light marking to several pages.

Hardcover. Crowood Press, 1st, 2008, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 222 pages., color plates. This impressive work encompasses history, anthropology, and an expert exposition of textile arts from this region where textiles may denote group identity and may represent a large portion of a family's wealth. The author draws upon both published information and her own extensive travels in the area, describing practices and techniques that she observed in use in situ. She illustrates cultural and historical patterns in costume, often with the aid of temple paintings, sculpture, and historic photographs to supplement current images. Her descriptions of techniques, for example of weaving, are admirably balanced -- detailed enough to inform while presented with sufficient general information for a non-specialist reader. The illustrative material is good, often her own or her son's photographs, that shows the labor-intensive processes and world-class skills as well as the resulting spectacular museum pieces.

Hardcover. New Delhi, privately printed/Pasang Wangdu, 1st, 2003, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 282 pages., profusely illustrated throughout in color and black and white painting schematics. Parallel text in English and Tibetan. Private printing. Ribbon marker, clean copy. NOTE: DUE TO SIZE AND WEIGHT, DOMESTIC SHIPPING ONLY.

Hardcover. NY, Oxford University Press, 1st, 1994, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, laminated color pictorial boards, 104 pages, approximately field guide size. Color plates by Sutari Bin Supari. Clean copy.

Hardcover. Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1st, 1974, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn, price-clipped dust jacket, white cloth covers with gilt design, 177 pages. B&w illustrations by Demi Hitz. Stated First Edition. INSCRIBED BY TRANSLATOR FRANCIS CARPENTER on the front fly leaf. The 1st complete translation of thousand year old classic work. Includes biography of Lu Yu. Embellished by Demi Hitz's illustrations. Includes ritual of preparation, ingredients, environment Chinese tea ceremony. Light chipping, small tape repairs to rear of dust jacket. Clean copy.

Softcover. Ithaca NY, Snow Lion Publications, 1st, 1990, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 151 pages. SIGNED ON HALF TITLE PAGE BY THE 14TH DALAI LAMA IN OCTOBER OF 2012 AT MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE. Light wear. Clean, tight copy.

Softcover. Quezon City, Malaya Books, reprint, 1970, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 212 pages, b&w illustrations, fold-out map in front. A 1970 reprint of a title first published in 1900. Clean copy, light edgewear to wrapper.