Softcover. Austin TX, University of Texas Press, 1st, 2011, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 288 pages. In the spring of 1983, a North American couple who were hoping to adopt a child internationally received word that if they acted quickly, they could become the parents of a boy in an orphanage in Honduras. Layers of red tape dissolved as the American Embassy there smoothed the way for the adoption. Within a few weeks, Margaret Ward and Thomas de Witt were the parents of a toddler they named Nelson-an adorable boy whose prior life seemed as mysterious as the fact that government officials in two countries had inexplicably expedited his adoption. In Missing Mila, Finding Family, Margaret Ward tells the poignant and compelling story of this international adoption and the astonishing revelations that emerged when Nelson's birth family finally relocated him in 1997. After recounting their early years together, during which she and Tom welcomed the birth of a second son, Derek, and created a family with both boys, Ward vividly recalls the upheaval that occurred when members of Nelson's birth family contacted them and sought a reunion with the boy they knew as Roberto. She describes how their sense of family expanded to include Nelson's Central American relatives, who helped her piece together the lives of her son's birth parents and their clandestine activities as guerrillas in El Salvador's civil war. In particular, Ward develops an internal dialogue with Nelson's deceased mother Mila, an elusive figure whose life and motivations she tries to understand.
Hardcover. self-published, 1983, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, a self-published field study, bound in green cloth covers with gilt title on front, 276 pages printed on one side only, includes maps, charts and many color photos pasted onto the pages. A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Sciences at Massey University in New Zealand. the author was a missionary nurse in various provinces of Papua New Guinea from 1962 until 1972. She later returned in 1980 to research this study. A unique item.
Hardcover. Boston, Little, Brown and Co,, reprint, 1947, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a worn, chipped dust jacket. The true story of an African medicine man as he leaves his home to practice his medicine in the city. Wulf Sachs was born in Russia and trained at the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg. A citizen of South Africa who resided in Johannesburg, he was a practicing psychoanalyst and the author of many books on psychiatry and literary criticism. Classic account of a two and half year psychoanalysis of a South African witch doctor. This book was earlier published with the title Black Anger. Derived from a review posted on-line: Black Hamlet is at the same time a case study in psychoanalytic therapy, the report of a scientific investigation, a political polemic, a collection of ethnographic observations, and the biography of a common man whose remarkable features would otherwise have been overlooked. Clean copy.
Hardcover. London, Tavistock Publications , 1st UK, 1967, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, blue cloth covers in a bright, unclipped dust jacket with light edgewear. 342 pages. The author offers an important contribution to the interpretation of the Rorschach ink blots and brings to light new test data. Clean copy.
Hardcover. Cambridge MA, The MIT Press, 1st, 1965, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Fair, Hardcover, red cloth in a worn, faded dust jacket. Modjokuto is a small Indonesian town founded under Dutch colonization in the mid-1800s. The author made a field study in 1952-54 into the social, economic and political history of the town. Name on inside front cover otherwise clean.
Hardcover. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff , 1st, 1957, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Original green cloth with gilt lettering on cover and spine. Frontispiece photograph. Study of the Waropen tribe, the only coastal tribe in Northern New Guinea which at that time still remained pagan, under the instructions of the Netherlands Bible Society at Amsterdam. The manuscript was finished in 1942 but only published in 1947 in Dutch. An English translation was commissioned by the Editorial Board of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde after the untimely death of the author in 1955. Illustrated with many b/w photographs and drawings, one folding map in-text and one at rear.
UK, Cambridge University Press, 1st, 1980, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright, price-clipped dust jacket, 233 pages. Anthropologists, in studying other cultures, are often tempted to offer their own explanations of strange customs when they feel that the people involved have not given a good enough reason for these customs. The question how the anthropologist can justify interpretations of customs which go beyond those offered by the people themselves runs through this book. The book focuses on the various interpretations that have been offered by anthropologists of ritual and symbolism. It offers a critical discussion of theories in this field in general, identifying their strengths and weaknesses when applied to the particular case of puberty rituals in a West Sepik village in Papua New Guinea. It then goes on to suggest an alternative approach, which draws on aesthetic as well as anthropological theory, and pays particular attention to the emotional and aesthetic experiences of people as they perform the rites. Pencil marking to about 25 pages, name on inside front cover.
Softcover. Rio de Janeiro, Liberia Francisco Alves, 1st, 1977, Softcover in pictorial wraps, 108 pages. Scholarly book on African-Brazilian religious cults in South America and Mexico. Clean copy
Hardcover. NY, Free Press, 1st, 1991, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 219 pages. B&W photos. The twentieth-century rise of the automobile collided head on with Victorian prescriptions for the proper role and place of women in society. Gender conventions cast women as too weak, dependent, and flighty to manage the fiery motored beast. Overcoming that stereotype was as difficult for women as gaining access to the vote, the professions, and education, yet their personal feats of driving in both war and peace demolished the gender barriers against their taking the road. After women proved once and for all that they could drive under the worst conditions in World War I, they adapted the automobile to their domestic roles in urban society during the 1920s. Written with flair and verve, this volume displays Scharff's erudition in social, cultural, gender, and technological history.
Hardcover. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1st, 1982, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 321 pages. formulate an adequate theory of "populist" movements. In a novel analysis of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England, Calhoun argues that popular protest was mounted by reactionary radicals whose ideology was largely a defense of the traditional values of culture and community against an emerging industrial order. He also offers through reconsiderations of several histories of class struggle, including E. P. Thompson's influential masterpiece, The making of the English Working Class. Calhoun focuses on the social foundations for collective action. In his view, English radicalism during the 1810s and early 1820s was based in local and craft communities. Rather than include this English populism within the Marxist notion of class struggle, Calhoun shows that it was rooted in the particular situation of English workers in social and economic transition. As he reassesses these populist movements, he broadens our understanding of community, class, tradition, and collective action. Clean copy.
Hardcover. NY, W W Norton & Co, 1st, 1995, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright, unclipped dust jacket. Controversy has raged around Lasch's targeted attack on the elites, their loss of moral values, and their abandonment of the middle class and poor, for he sets up the media and educational institutions as a large source of the problem. In this spirited work, Lasch calls out for a return to community, schools that teach history not self-esteem, and a return to morality and even the teachings of religion. He does this in a nonpartisan manner, looking to the lessons of American history, and castigating those in power for the ever-widening gap between the economic classes, which has created a crisis in American society. Clean copy.
Softcover. Prospect Heights IL, Waveland Press, reprint, 1985, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, blue wrappers, 374 pages. A detailed anthropological study of the Mayan people of Tzo? ontahal made during four field sessions between 1957 and 1965.
Hardcover. New York, George H. Doran Company, 1st Edition, 1922, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 227 pages. Hardcover. B/w illustrations throughout. Illustrated by Ralph Barton. Cover boards bound in black cloth, yellow paste down on front cover board and spine with black titles. Deckled untrimmed edges. Light tanning from age to edges and pages. Binding tight, spine straight. A parody outline of etiquette by the author of "A Parody Outline of History".
Softcover. Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 1st, 1977, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 136 pages, typed manuscript, double spaced. The section headings are: the universe: the mythical origins of men; the ghosts or spirits; how men obtained food and the necessities of life; sickness & death; geographical myths; hunting stories; stories of cunning; social relations of people; love stories. Mild cover wear, clean copy.
Hardcover. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1st, 1989, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright, unclipped dust jacket, 343 pages. This is an anthropological study of boyhood in a group of related Igbo villages called Afikpo, in souteastern Nigeria. About half of the book is taken up with the description and analysis of adolescent initiation rites, providing a close and detailed view of rituals that for the most part have only been touched upon in literature. The work makes use of psychoanalytic theory, with a logic that is grounded in data, blended with traditional cultural anthropological analysis. Ottenberg's understanding of the dynamics of the symbols and their unstated meanings contributes to the study of ritual process in any society. The data on ritual initiation alo0ne make this a major contribution to African ethnography, and Ottenberg's descriptive material on male secrecy and related gender distinctions provides a background fora more general understanding of West African secret societies.
Hardcover. Oslo University Press, 1st, 1962, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn dust jacket, 271 pages, b&w illustrations. A first-hand account of the changing social structures of the Aborigines based on accounts from the tribe members.
Hardcover. Ann Arbor MI, UMI Research Press, reprint, 1986, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, beige cloth stamped in black and red, 355 pages. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, index. Some light pencil markings to about 20 pages.
Hardcover. London, Oxford University Press, 1st, 1959, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a lightky worn and soiled dust jacket. 228 pages, b&w illustrations including several fold-out charts. Extends the study begun in her earlier 'Rituals Of Kinship Among The Nyakyusa' to include detailed accounts of traditions of origin, cosmology, and moral values. Contents: The Mythological Charter; The 'Divine Kings'; The Ritual of Chieftainship; Sacrifices at the Groves of Chiefs; Land & Power; Cleansing the Country; Rain-making & 'Sprinkling the Homesteads'; Kasitile the Priest; Medicines; Nyakyusa Cosmology; Pagan & Christian; Twenty Years' Change; Religion & Social Structure. Previous owner's signature inside front cover otherwise clean.
Hardcover. Tokyo, International House of Japan, 1st English Ed., 2006, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 201 pages. Many of the world's major economies face shrinking populations this century. Everyone from Japan and Italy to China will have older and then shrinking populations in the foreseeable future. Japan is the first major economy to head down this path and there is a great deal to learn from their experience. Professor Masutani's book is the best text available in English. Some quick lessons - automation is not a solution, economies will shrink. The sometimes desperate acts that companies and governments take to prevent this shrinkage (like running deficits and over investment in automation and infrastructure) will make things worse, not better. Shrinking populations can lead to a healthier and happier population if the right policy steps are taken. Companies need to shift focus from growing the top-line (sales) to a focus on value generation and the bottom line. Clean copy.
Hardcover. NY, AMS Press, reprint, 1976, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, light brown cloth with black lettering on spine. A quality reprint of the edition published by Cambridge University in 1910. Pictorial frontis; 79 plates from photographs, figures in text. Fold-out map in rear, fold-out chart. Extensive study of the indigenous Melanesians of Papua New Guinea. Distinctly different from the Papuans of the archipelago, the Melanesians posed an extremely interesting problem to early 20th century ethnographers. There is some light pencil marking to about 20 pages. Also an inked biographical note about a Captain Barton (one of the contributors) on the copyright page. No dust jacket issued.
London, Cambridge University Press , 1st, 1986, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 187 pages, b&w maps, diagrams. The Wamira people of Papua New Guinea display what outsiders would describe as an obsession with food. Who owns how many pigs, how much taro grows in whose garden, and who contributes what food at a feast, are all questions uppermost in their thoughts. Wamirans account for this preoccupation by saying that they suffer from perpetual "famine." They explain this by means of an elaborate and colorful myth about Tamodukorokoro, a monster who would have brought them abundant food, but whom, in typical Wamiran style of fearing what they desire, they chased away. In this carefully crafted and beautifully evocative book, Dr. Kahn, who lived with the Wamira people for two and a half years, argues that Wamirans' "famine" has in fact little to do with the belly. For Wamirans, concepts of food and hunger are cultural constructs. Dr. Kahn writes with a degree of nuance that takes the reader beyond academic analyses into the experience of the ethnographer and the daily lives of the people with whom she resided. Clean copy.
Hardcover. London, The Athlone Press, 1st, 1970, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn dust jacket, orange cloth covers, 287 pages. Anthropological essays by the author based on his 30 years of field work in Ghana. Clean copy.
Hardcover. Maryknoll NY, Orbis Books, 2nd pr., 1994, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 287 pages. INSCRIBED BY AUTHOR on the front fly leaf. Drawing on the biblical figure of Hagarmother of Ishmael, cast into the desert by Abraham and Sarah, but protected by God, Delores Williams finds a prototype for the struggle of African-American women. Through Hagars story of poverty and slavery, ethnicity and sexual exploitation, exile and encounter with God, she traces parallels in the history of African-American women from slavery to the present day. What emerges from this shared interplay of race, sex, and class, is a new womanist theology that promotes survival and wholeness as well as liberation. Clean copy.
Hardcover. London, Cambridge University Press, 1st, 1962, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Volume I: Appeal to the People, 388 pages. Volume II: The Growth of Parties, 404 pages. Volume III: The Stuff of Politics, 493 pages. Minor dust jacket edge wear and rub, small stain on top edge of volume II, otherwise, all clean and tight.
Softcover. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, reprint, 1980, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 295 pages with index, "Here Clifford Geertz applies his well-known cultural analysis to the social organization of nineteenth-century Bali. He offers a vivid portrait of the symbols, myths, rituals, and ceremonies - in short, the drama - that essentially constituted the precolonial negara, the Balinese state." Clean, bright copy.
Hardcover. NY, Macmillan, 1st US, 1928, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: Poor, Hardcover in a worn, tattered dust jacket with a yellow sticker on front cover. 328 pages. The Austrian-born sociologist's reflections on race, physical differences, race mingling and decay of nations, race and psychology, backward races, etc. Spine cloth torn at top with a 1/2" square gone. Names on front endpapers. Otherwise a tight, clean copy.
Softcover. Los Angeles, Society for Visual Anthropology, 1st, 1992, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, magazine format, 144 pages. illustrated collection of provocative essays, occasional pieces, and dialogues with contributions from anthropologists, from cultural, literary and film critics and from image makers themselves. Includes: Shoot for the Contents, Films of Memory, Encounter with a Road Siren, other essays and reviews. Light rubbing to covers. Clean.
Hardcover. New York, Picador, 1st, 2003, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 421 pages. Minor dust jacket edge wear. Price blacked out. Minor stains on fore edge. Otherwise, a very clean and tight copy. Growing Up Fast tells the life stories of Shayla, Jessica, Amy, Colleen, Liz, and Sheri--six teen mothers whom Joanna Lipper first met in 1999 when they were enrolled at the Teen Parent Program in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Less than a decade older than these teen parents, she was able to blend into the fabric of their lives and make a short documentary film about them. Over the course of the next four years she continued to earn their trust as they shared with her the daily reality of their lives and their experiences growing up in the economically depressed post-industrial landscape of Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
Softcover. AUS, New Guinea Research Unit, Australian National University, 1st, 1975, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 467 pages., illustrations, bibliography, index. Includes 6 pages of errata (bound-in). Clean copy
Softcover. NY, Museum of Primitive Art, 1st, 1971, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover,112 pages. Original color illustrated wrappers with black lettering on cover and spine. Outline guide to the objects used in upper Sepik River rituals and the context in which they are employed. Based on author's field trips to the region in 1964, 1965, and mainly 1967. Profusely illustrated with b/w photographs and drawings throughout.
Hardcover. Washington DC, Smithsonian Institution Press , 1st, 1991, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 257 pages, index, bibliography, notes, glossary, b&w illustrations. In precolonial Rwandan culture, the body and the organization of the universe were thought of in terms of the flow and blockage of fluids. Operating in a "gift economy," the king and ritual specialists regulated these fluids--milk, honey, rain, blood--thereby ensuring the health of the people and the fertility of their land and cattle. Today, much of same imagery suffuses popular healing, and many sicknesses are depicted as perturbations in the flow of bodily humors. However, not all healers adhere to the precolonial symbolic forms.Identifying a primary image schema in Rwandan popular concepts of the body and cosmology, Milk, Honey, and Money explains how specifically Rwandan forms have been affected by the culture's capitalist transformation. Clean copy.
Hardcover. Melbourne University Press, 1st, 1967, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn dust jacket, 140 pages. The reasons for rituals in different societies with accounts of the relevant customs in Papua New Guinea, the Solomons and the New Hebrides (Vanuatu). Previous owner's label on front fly leaf. Maps, charts.
Softcover. Kristen Pres, 2nd Ed., 1977, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 365 pages. b&w illustrations. The diaries of a Russian explorer who lived on the coast of Papua New Guinea for several years. He kept a diary translated here from the Russian by C.I. Sentinella with biographical and historical notes.
Softcover. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1st, 2000, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 315 pages, b&w illustrations. In this engaging tale, Honda Katsuichi reconstructs the life of an Ainu woman living on the northern island of Japan over five hundred years ago. Harukor's story, created from surviving oral accounts of Ainu life and culture as well as extensive scholarly research, is set in the centuries before the mainland Japanese nearly destroyed the way of life depicted here. In the first person, the fictional Harukor tells us of her childhood, her adolescence, and her motherhood, drawing on tales and songs performed by her grandmother and other bards. She describes festivals, weddings, childbirth and midwifery, traditional healing methods, battles, and funerals in detail. Her story is followed by the adventures of her oldest son, Pasekur, which end by foreshadowing an early Ainu rebellion against Japanese encroachment.
Hardcover. NY, Columbia University Press, 1st, 1978, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 295 pages including index.The polymathic Rivers was a pioneering neuroscientist, psychologist, and anthropologist who made substantial contributions to all these fields in the pre-WWI period. Interest in Rivers increased in recent years because he appears as a major and particularly sympathetic character in Pat Barker's outstanding trilogy of novels on WWI. Slobodin's book, which is the only effort at a biography of Rivers, deals mainly with his work as a pioneering ethnologist. Light foxing to rear dj panel, otherwise clean.
Softcover. Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press, 1st, 1990, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 217 pages. Emotions have long been a central concern in philosophy, psychological and sociological studies. When anthropologists began to study emotion, they challenged many assumptions shared by Western academics and lay persons by exposing the cultural variability of emotional meanings. In this collection of original essays by anthropologists concerned with the relationship of language and emotion, it is argued that the key focus to the study of emotion might be the politics of social life rather than the psychology of the individual. Through close studies of talk about emotion and emotional discourses in social contexts from poetry and song to therapeutic narratives, scholars who have worked in India, Fiji, the United States, Egypt, Senegal and the Solomon Islands show how emotion is tied to politics of everyday interaction. Their arguments and cross-cultural findings will intrigue and provoke anyone who has thought about the relationship between emotion, language and social life. The book will be of special interest to those who find the boundaries between cultural, psychological and linguistic anthropology, sociology, cross-cultural psychiatry, and social psychology too confining. Clean, bright copy.
Softcover. Madison WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2nd pr., 1992, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 440 pages, b&w illustrations. George Stocking has been widely recognized as the premier historian of anthropology ever since the publication of his first volume of essays, Race, Culture, and Evolution, in 1968. As editor of several publications, including the highly acclaimed History of Anthropology series, he has led the movement to establish the history of anthropology as a recognized research specialization. In addition to the study Victorian Anthropology, his work includes numerous essays covering a wide range of anthropological topics. The eight essays collected in The Ethnographer's Magic consider the emergence of anthropology since the late nineteenth century as an academic discipline grounded in systematic fieldwork. Clean copy.
Softcover. Indiana Historical Society, 1st, 1996, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover in pictorial wraps, 358 pages, 2 maps, b/w photos, appendices, notes, important dates, bibliography, index. Explores the history and culture of the Miami Indians, who have fought for many years to gain tribal status from the U.S. government. Clean copy.
Hardcover. Corte Madera CA, Gingko Press, 1st, 2003, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 574 pages illustrated in color and b&w. Until now, no book has explored the full expanse of Marshall McLuhan's thinking. Here we have assembled alongside his most prescient aphorisms excerpts from the full range of his astounding life's work. One revolutionary book distills the wisdom and wit of the man who explained to us the "the medium is the message" and that we are "now living in a global village", that "privacy invasion is now our most important knowledge industry" and that "obsolescence is the moment of superabundance".Cover to cover, Anthology is not only one hundred percent McLuhan's own words, these are McLuhan's finest words. McLuhan called these bold perceptions probes and today they gleam like gems embedded everywhere in his life's output - in his books, in more than 200 speeches, in his classes (especially the Monday Night Seminars), and most of all in the nearly 700 shorter writings that he published between 1945 and 1980. In recent years, his son Eric McLuhan and William Kuhns have combed through all these sources to compile and edit what has become Anthology - The Book of Probes.The collection is so fresh that most probes will be new to even the most avid readers of McLuhan, and opens a new portal to McLuhan's mind, one that promises to change the ways in which we recognize and interpret McLuhan in the future. Readers will marvel at how the consistency, the clarity of concept, and the abundant wealth of observations, some made twenty or thirty years apart, dovetail to form a whole.
Softcover. NY, The Free Press, 1st pbk, 1966, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 210 pages. With scholarly detachment, clarity, and taste the author presents a history and analysis of American ideals of success. Clean copy.
Hardcover. London, Vincent Stuart, 2nd pr., 1962, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket., black cloth with gilt stamping. A nice copy of the Second Edition (1962, original published in 1894). Limited to 500 copies. Clean.
Softcover. Austin TX, University Of Texas Press, reprint, 1978, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 400+ pages. A collection of autobiographical and biographical writings by and about Middle Eastern women. Many of the selections have been translated by the editors from Arabic, Persian or French. Illustrated with b/w photos.
Hardcover. Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1st, 1999, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 321 pages. Hardcover. Dust jacket unclipped. Gilt title on spine. Previous owner dated signature on front flyleaf. Just a touch of wear to dust jacket at corners, still in very good condition. Binding tight.
Softcover. Canberra AU, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1st, 1984, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, oblong, 160 pages. Details an Australian film made in 1976 and released in 1979. The traditional, extremely complex mortuary rites for a young child at an Aboriginal homeland settlement on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Foreword by Ian Dunlop. Previous owner's name opposite half-title page, otherwise clean.
Hardcover. University AL, University of Alabama Press, 1st, 1980, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright, unclipped dust jacket. B&w Illustrations by Mark Brewton. Poems, folk games, riddles, proverbs, nonsense verse, parodies, counting-out-chants, taunts and autograph verse. Living lore still in the active possession and use of children, still transmitted orally and in practice.