Art

Hardcover. Boston, Garden Press, 1st, 1910, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, 143 pages, b&w frontispiece. INSCRIBED BY BAYLEY on front fly leaf. Maroon and gray cloth with gilt lettering on front cover.

Softcover. PS Artbooks, reprint, 2025, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 100 pages in color. A facsimile reprint of the 1940s comic book. The second volume of America's Greatest Comics, brought to readers by Fawcett Publications. Join Captain Marvel, alias Billy Batson as he leads his death-defying team of heroes. His transformation into the mighty hero "Shazam!" enthralls audiences of all ages. Joining him are Spy Smasher, the master of espionage, Bulletman, a flying crime-fighter with super strength, Minute Man, unmatched in speed and agility, and Mr. Scarlet, the crimson-clad avenger. Together, they combat evil in America's Greatest Comics, inspiring generations with their heroic adventures and unwavering pursuit of justice. A whopping 100 pages of pure adventure and fantasy. Clean copy.

Hardcover. NY, Penguin Press, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in an unclipped dust jacket. Kalman's beautiful, exuberant tribute to her dogs. The artist illuminates our cherished companions as only she can. From the dogs lovingly illustrated in her acclaimed children's books to the real-life pets who inspire her still, Kalman's Beloved Dog is joyful, beautifully illustrated, and, as always, deeply philosophical. With humor and intelligence, Kalman gives voice to the dogs she adores, noting that they are constant reminders that life reveals the best of itself when we live fully in the moment and extent unconditional love. Clean copy.

Hardcover. Germany , Steidl, 1st, 2010, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 156 pages. Hardcover with no dust jacket. Very clean, unmarked copy with only minor edgewear. Color photographs throughout. In the early 1970s, the workers at a steel smelting factory east of Havana wrote to Fidel Castro describing their housing needs. Out of this exchange a new city called Alamar was born, conceived by the same workers who would build it and live there. Today it is abandoned; Mauro D'Agati's photographs examine its eccentric spaces.

Softcover. US, University of Kentucky Art Museum, na, 1981, Book: Good, Dust Jacket: None, 151 page catalog of the January 25-March 15, 1981, exhibition at the University of Kentucky Art Museum. Numerous black and white illustrations. Five color plates. Mild crease on front and back cover. No marking. Kentucky's Resident-painters: From the Ante-Bellum Era to World War I by Arthur F. Jones; In Pursuit of Success: Kentucky and the Visiting Artist, 1805-1865 by Bruce Weber; Selected Bibliography; Catalog Entries; Illustrations.

Softcover. Houston, Art Magazine Publishers, 1979, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover. 178 pages, color and b&w illustrations. Articles and art by Joe Beeler, Frank Tenney Johnson, Don Mieduch, others. Clean copy.

Hardcover. San Francisco, Chronicle Books, 1st, 2019, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, pictorial boards. 144 pages, color throughout. Delicious Metropolis brings together two of Wayne Thiebaud's most celebrated bodies of work: desserts and cityscapes. Between the two, fascinating juxtapositions develop. The layers of a Neapolitan cake echo the shadows cast across a street in the late afternoon. The pastel hues of iced sponge cakes match California's candy-colored houses. Curators, critics, and artists guide the reader through the book via insightful bite-size essays. This gorgeous hardcover offers fans and newcomers a refreshing and accessible way to enjoy the oeuvre of this iconic American painter.

Newport Beach CA, The Newporter Resort, 1986, Book: Very Good, This painting shows the resort from the bay with sailboats and a catamaran in the foreground. The artist did several variations on this picture. This one is a rougher sketch which he didn't sign. Image size: 6" X 7", watercolor on texture white paper. Unpublished.

Softcover. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1st, 1922, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 181 pages, b&w illustrations. Rubbing, chipping to wrappers and edges. Wrinkling on spine. Else a clean, tight copy.

Softcover. Paris, Gimpel Fils , 1st, 1987, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, exhibition catalog in red stapled wrappers. 14 pages with 7 color plates. Clean copy.

Hardcover. Cambridge MA, The MIT Press , reprint, 2007, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. An interesting look at the first hamburger chain of restaurants White Towers. Includes numerous black and white images. The pioneering hamburger chain founded in 1926, never felt the need for advertising; it depended on its instantly recognizable building to say it all 189 pages, clean copy.

Hardcover. New York, Bulfinch, 1st, 2004, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 368 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket. Very clean copy still in publishers shrink-wrap. Remainder mark to textblock. Hockney's Pictures is the first definitive "retrospective" to show the evolution and diversity of Hockney's prolific paintings, drawings, watercolors, prints, and photography, including new and published works. The pieces, presented thematically, are selected and organized by David Hockney himself, and track Hockney's lifelong experiments in ways of looking and depicting. With 325 illustrations, accompanied by extensive quotes from the artist himself that illuminate the passionate thinking behind the work, Hockney's Pictures is destined to become a classic.

Hardcover. Columbia, Univeristy of Missouri Press, 1st, 1979, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 142 pages. B&W photography and illustrations throughout. pictorial dust jacket, slightly worn at corners and spine. Price clipped. Black boards with silver gilt title to spine. Frontispiece. Overall, a nice, clean copy.

Softcover. NY, Christie's, 1st, 2012, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 71 pages with 49 illustrations 31 in color. Stiff Illustrated wraps. Essay by William Paton. Clean copy.

Softcover. Tokyo, Shinbaku Books, 1st, 2014, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 112 pages, illustrated in color. The modern era of underground doll-making in Japan began in the late 1960s, with the experiments of Simon Yotsuya and Nori Doi. Directly inspired by the Surrealist Doll constructed by Hans Bellmer in 1932, Simon Yotsuya created a series of ball-jointed, life-sized dolls which featured in his ground-breaking "Eve In The Past And The Future" exhibition in Tokyo, in 1973. Simon Yotsuya's work inspired a new wave of avant-garde Japanese doll-making, headed by artists such as Ryo Yoshida and Katan Amano, which has continued to flourish to the present day. SECRET DOLLeEUR^UNDERGROUND, presented by Yuichi Konno, features dolls by fifteen artists, from Simon Yotsuya onwards, with over 80 full-sized colour photographs never before published outside Japan. It also includes Konno's introductory history of the underground doll in Japan.

Hardcover. Fresno, CA, Linden Publishing, 1st, 1990, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 192 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket. A very clean, unmarked copy with some wear to dust jacket. Minor soiling to dust jacket front. Color photographs throughout. A collection of twentieth-century handmade woodwork including furniture, sculpture, toys, and musical instruments.

Softcover. New York, Marlborough Gallery, Inc., 1st, 1983, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover exhibition catalog, 38 pages. 16 Color illustrations throughout. Minor wear to cover. Otherwise very tight and clean copy.

Softcover. Bennington VT, Bennington Museum, 1st, 2017, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 64 pages, color and b&w illustrations. Includes selected writings by the artist. Clean copy.

Softcover. NY, Crown Publishers, 1st, 1986, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 96 pages, color illustrations throughout. A follow-up to the authors first book, "The Cat Made Me Buy It!". 113 color photographs of advertising posters, magazine ads and covers, sheet music, signage, etc., all featuring felines.

Softcover. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico Press, 1st, 2006, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 188 pages, illustrated with 100+ political posters made between 1960 and 1990, this book documents the sociopolitical history of Latin America during a period of intense radicalism and upheaval. Essays by leading Latin American scholars

Softcover. Zurich, Graphis Press, 1st, 1975, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, English, German and French text. B&w and color illustrations. Spine faded. Else very good.

Hardcover. UK, Cambridge University Press, 1st, 2005, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 269 pages, b&w illustrations. Ray Lambert's exhaustive study of John Constable's landscapes and relevant writings reveal Constable's high level of engagement with ideas on art and aesthetics and the decisive consequences for his style of painting. Constable's texts clearly predict his views. They also give an indication of the artist's knowledge of scientific, poetic, and aesthetic ideas that were relevant to the creation of a serious landscape art as well as a theory of landscape. Remainder mark on bottom edge, otherwise clean.

Hardcover. London, Gingko Press, 1st, 2010, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, pictorial boards, 256 pages. Modart editors showcase some of the actions and events from the first decade of the new millennium. It features now iconic images, passionate writing and a veritable fount of great new art from around the world.

Softcover. New York, Thames and Hudson, 1st, 2012, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 350 pages, color illustrations. Eighty-two comic artists are featured, varying greatly in age, experience, and style. Each artist is introduced with a few paragraphs including some biographical material and quotations regarding their style, influences, and approach to their work, followed by approximately four large pages per artist of previously unpublished doodle or draft drawings from their sketchbooks, totaling 700 individual illustrations.

Hardcover. New York, Heritage Press, 1st, 1948, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Good, Hardcover, 107 pages. Color illustrations throughout. Decorative stain to top edge. Wear, chipping, rubbing to dust jacket. Spine of dust jacket sightly faded. Else a tight copy.

Softcover. NY, Sotheby's, 1st, 2001, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, Sale #NY7649, 296 pages, illustrated in color, lots 301-573. Clean copy.

Hardcover. NY, W W Norton, 1st, 1964, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a lightly worn, unclipped dust jacket. Author, artist, and poet Chiang Lee found in San Francisco the poetic beauty similar to his much-loved Chinese landscape. His view is keen and original as he wanders with his notepad and records his quizzical, quiet observations. Illustrated with 16 of the author's full color paintings, and over 50 of his black and white drawings, Clean copy.

Softcover. New York, Queens Museum, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 152 pages. Softcover. Very clean, like new in publishers shrink-wrap. This volume brings expert opinion and first-hand testimony to bear upon the events surrounding the creation and destruction of Andy Warhol's Thirteen Most Wanted Men at the 1964 New York World's Fair. The complex constellation of art, politics and gay life surrounding Warhol's mural and its painting-over comes alive in 13 interviews-with historian Hilary Ballon, critic Douglas Crimp, poet Diane di Prima, 1964 World's Fair head of television Albert Fisher, poet John Giorno, art historian Anthony Grudin, civil rights historian Felicia Kornbluh, former Warhol assistant and poet Gerard Malanga, filmmaker Jonas Mekas, art historian Richard Meyer, former Warhol assistant and photographer Billy Name, Rockefeller biographer Richard Norton Smith and architect and critic Mark Wigley. The interviews are introduced by the show's co-curator Larissa Harris, and accompanied by reproductions of all of the Thirteen Most Wanted Men; photographs of Warhol and the Fair by Factory regulars and photojournalists; and rarely seen archival documents from Warhol's Time Capsules.

Hardcover. Kent, U.K., Midas Books, 1st, 1978, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, 407 pages, with b&w illustrations throughout. Very slight foxing on top edge and minor edge wear, otherwise, very clean and tight copy.

Hardcover. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1st, 1918, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, brown cloth with a pastedown on front cover with title and illustration. Offers a powerful visual record of the United States' contribution to World War I. This collection of lithographs by renowned artist Joseph Pennell provides a unique glimpse into the nation's war effort, focusing on the crucial role of American industry. Previous owner's note on the front fly leaf, otherwise clean.

Hardcover. Boston, David R. Godine, 1st US, 2002, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover, oblong volume, 128 pages. The much-admired English artist enjoyed adding artistic touches to letters he sent to friends, and this collection displays some of these delightful drawings. With examples throughout in color and black and white, as well as at endpapers. No dj issued, clean copy.

Hardcover. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 168 pages. Hardcover with no dust jacket. Very clean, like new in publishers shrink-wrap. A lavishly illustrated tribute to one of the most remarkable self-invented personalities on the New York fashion scene. Featuring approximately 80 looks from Bartsch's personal collection of clothing and accessories, including designs by Rachel Auburn, Body Map, Leigh Bowery, John Galliano, Jean Paul Gaultier, Thierry Mugler, Mr. Pearl, Vivienne Westwood, Zaldy, and many others. Dazzling color photographs allow readers to witness the incredible art of transformation. 

Hardcover. New York , George Braziller , 1st, 1995, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 191 pages, illustrated throughout with 65 plates in full color. Clean, unmarked copy with only minor wear to dust jacket. This volume gathers together all the extant pastels of Eugene Delacroix (1798-1862), the leader of the French Romantic movement in painting, the greatest colorist and the most versatile master of the first half of the nineteenth century. These beautiful pastels, housed in collections from London to Los Angeles to Cairo, are rarely exhibited due to their fragility.

Hardcover. NY, Abrams, 2006, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. Introduction by Terry Zwigoff. Includes Bonus Music CD Selected and Compiled by R. Crumb. Bright, clean & tight copy, 240 pages. "Anyone who knows R. Crumb's work as an illustrator knows of his passion for music. And all those who collect his work prize the 'Heroes of the Blues, Early Jazz Greats, and Pioneers of Country Music' trading card sets he created in the early to- mid-1980s. Now they are packaged together for the first time in book form, along with an exclusive 21-track CD of music selected and compiled by Crumb himself (featuring original recordings by Charley Patton, Dock Boggs, Jelly Roll Morton, and others). A brief biography of each musician is provided, along with a full-color original illustration by Crumb.

NY, Harper & Brothers, 1911, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Two-color illustration of a man reading to his grandchildren. Fifty years after the Civil War began, the little boy with wooden sword and drum nearby. Not credited. Approx. 10 X 13".PLEASE NOTE The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Hardcover. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1st US, 1998, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 224 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket. Sun fading to dust jacket spine. Light foxing to top edge of text block. An otherwise clean, unmarked copy with only minor wear to dust jacket edges. Beardsley's work is looked at alongside the work of contemporaries such as Oscar Wilde, Max Beerbohm and W.B. Yeats and against the backdrop of the artistic, literary and social life of fin-de-siecle London, Dieppe and Paris. In addition to the drawings, the book includes examples of Beardsley's innovative book binding, prints and posters, revealing a gallery of portraits and photographs from that decadent period, the "Naughty Nineties." It also explores the diverse influences, such as ancient Greek vase painting and Japanese prints, upon which the young artist freely drew in the formation of his own style.

Hardcover. Rome , Compagnia Edizioni Internazionali, Reprint , 1968, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 173 pages. Hardcover. Numerous full color illustrations. Illustrated flyleaves and endpapers. INSCRIBED BY AUTHOR on frontispiece. Gray and white dust jacket with full color illustration on the front. Light edgewear and foxing on top edge.

Softcover. Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1st, 1958, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, tight, bright, clean and especially sharp-cornered. Physical description; 96 pages illustrations (some color), portrait. 23 color, 39 bw plates. The first significant look at the artwork of American modernist Arthur G. Dove (1880-1946). With a foreword by Duncan Phillips, and a lengthy illustrated essay by Wight. Includes a collections history, exhibitions history, and a sizable selected bibliography. Clean copy.

NY, Columbia Graphophone Company, 1913, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Color portrait of musician Ysaye playing the violin. Product art features it's "Deluxe" model. Art not credited. 10 X 13".PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Hardcover. Philadelphia, PA, Philadelphia Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 1st, 2015, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover with no dust jacket. Very clean, like new in publishers shrinkwrap. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) proudly described his monumental painting Prometheus Bound as first among "the flower of my stock." This singular work demonstrates how Rubens engaged with and responded to his predecessors Michelangelo and Titian, with whom he shared an interest in depictions of physical torment. The Wrath of the Gods offers an in-depth case study of the Flemish artist's creative process and aesthetic, while also demonstrating why this particular painting has appealed to viewers over time. Many scholars have elaborated on Rubens's affinity for Titian, but his connection to Michelangelo has received far less attention. This study presents a new interpretation of Prometheus Bound, showing how Rubens created parallels between the pagan hero Prometheus and Michelangelo's Risen Christ from the Sistine Chapel's Last Judgment. Christopher D. M. Atkins expands our understanding of artistic transmission by elucidating how Rubens synthesized the works he saw in Italy, Spain, and his native Antwerp, and how Prometheus Bound in turn influenced Dutch, Flemish, and Italian artists. By emulating Rubens's composition, these artists circulated it throughout Europe, broadening its influence from his day to ours.

Softcover. Rochester NY, Visual Studies Workshop Press, 1st, 1983, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, 199 pages, paperback. Fictions and the fictions of theory from acclaimed theorist of film. With a foreword by Annette Michelson. Mild rubbing and edgewear to wraps. Light bumping to spine. Previous owner's signature to front endpapers. Scarce. A clean and tight copy.

Softcover. NY, Regan Books, 1st, 2006, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Softcover, 118 pages illustrated in b&w. Claudia Corvette. From her tousled bedroom hair to her name-all the porn stars in this world take their names from supermodels and sports cars-she is adult entertainment's prototypical femme fatale. Her life is the collision of countless troubled-childhood cliches and grown-up wet dreams, projected onto her as surely as her videos project their blue light onto lonely men around the world. From its first panel, How to Make Money Like a Porn Star draws the reader into the dark world of girls like Claudia, the men who fantasize about them, and the monsters who control them. In the hands of Rolling Stone writer Neil Strauss and illustrator Bernard Chang, this adult graphic novel weaves together black humor and blacker reality. Clean copy.

NY, Roto Vision for the Art Directors Club, 1st, 1989, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket. 568 pages, colour & b/w illustrations. Cover & section designs by Kit Hinrichs. Hall of Fame features on Rudolph de Harak & Raymond Loewy. Includes work by David Carson, Tocani, Massimo Vignelli, Michael Bierut, Seymour Chwast, Pushpin, Woody Pirtle, Paula Scher, Stefan Sagmeister, April Greiman, Milton Glaser, Trickett & Webb, Ivan Chermayeff, Andy Warhol, Irving Penn, Henry Wolf, Tibor Kalman, Chip Kidd, Art Spiegelman, Joe Pytka, Adrian Lyne, David Bailey, David Lynch, John Rushworth, David Hillman, Alan Fletcher, Marcello Minale, Bruce Duckworth, Mary Lewis, Derek Birdsall, Mervyn Kurlansky, among others. Clean.

Hardcover. San Diego, CA, IDW Publishing, 1st, 2013, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 184 pages. Hardcover with dust jacket. A very clean, unmarked copy with only minor edgewear. A tight copy. Edited and designed by Dean Mullaney with an Introduction by Mark Waid, the first book in IDW's The Library of American Comics' Superman Sundays series collects 170 sequential Sunday pages that have never been reprinted. These classic comics, beginning May 9, 1943 and continuing through August 4, 1946, fill another major gap in the Superman mythos.

Hardcover. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press/Phaidon, 1st, 1980, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, 192 pages. Hardcover. Dust jacket unclipped. Gilt title on spine. B/w illustrations throughout. Some agewear to dust jacket, but no rips and still shiny. Previous owner inscription on title page. A touch of foxing to back pages, but doesn't affect text. In very good condition.

Hardcover. Seattle, Fantagraphics, 1st, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: None, Hardcover in pictorial boards, 298 pages. Published for the first time in English -- and the first time in color -- the classic Petra Chérie by Italian master Attilio Micheluzzi follows the dramatic adventures of a mysterious heroine during the end of World War I. Originally published in serial format from 1977-1982, Petra Chérie follows the adventures of Petra De Karlowitz, 'Chérie' to creator Micheluzzi, who addresses her throughout the book. Born to a Polish businessman and the most beautiful woman in Paris, raised in Canton, China, and now based in neutral Holland, she is a spy who answers only to herself. Evoking but cleverly eschewing stereotypes of the femme fatale, Petra is equally at home in the cockpit of an airplane and behind the wheel of a motorcar. More than that, she is an endlessly fascinating enigma and one of the most iconic characters in Italian comics. In short, thrilling tales across sky, sea, and land, zipping from Northern Europe to Mitteleuropa, from the Balkans to the Bosphorus to the nascent Soviet Union, Micheluzzi grapples with an era when Europe's borders were in flux and battle lines were often blurred. Clean copy.

1952, Book: Very Good, Color art of nervous boy giving commencement speech by Amos Sewell. 10 X 13", small label. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.

Hardcover. New York, Abbeville Press, 1st, 1989, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover, 295 pages, illustrated in color and b&w, index. Great collection of comic strip art and a history of the art form seen through careers of 16 famous cartoonists: Outcault, Dirks, McKay, Herriman, others. Large, heavy book. Bright, clean copy in a dust jacket.

Hardcover. New Haven CT, Yale University Press , 1st, 2010, Book: Very Good, Dust Jacket: Very Good, Hardcover in a bright dust jacket, 208 pages. 100+ color plates and figures. Issued in conjunction with a series of 2010-2011 exhibitions. Features eighty-five works, illustrated and with extensive annotations; Includes works by John Marin, Georgia O'Keeffe, Charles Demuth, Charles Burchfield, Rockwell Kent, Jackson Pollock, Morris Graves, and many more. Includes essays by Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser, Erin Monroe, and Carol Troyen. Clean copy.

1936, Book: Very Good, Color art of lady hiding in water as lifeguard in boat holding swimsuit seeks swimmer. Watercolor by Oliver Hurst. 10 X 13", very good. PLEASE NOTE: The image shown is a scan of the actual product you are purchasing. What you see is what you get. The sheet may have some imperfections beyond the cropped area shown. You are buying THIS PAGE ONLY- not the entire magazine. Your order will be placed carefully between stiff paper and an acetate overlay, then packed in a rigid cardboard sleeve to prevent bending.